Abstract. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various levels of protein and dietary lipids on white snook (Centropomus viridis) performance. A 4 × 2 factorial design was used with 4 protein levels (40%, 46%, 52%, and 58%) and 2 lipid levels (10% and 13%), with 3 replicates per treatment. Fish with an initial weight of 14.80 ± 0.80 g were fed to apparent satiety 3 times a day for 6 weeks. Juvenile growth showed no significant differences among treatments. Feed efficiency was only affected by the protein level in the diet, and the best feed efficiency ratio was obtained with the 52% protein diets; the protein efficiency ratio was significantly lower with the 58% protein diets. The hepatosomatic index decreased with increasing protein content, and the peritoneal fat index increased with dietary lipid level. The condition factor was not affected by the dietary protein or lipid level. Hematocrit and total plasma protein were significantly higher at 40% protein; blood glucose and triglycerides were affected by both nutrients. It is concluded that juvenile C. viridis can be fed diets containing 40% protein and 10% lipids and a protein/energy ratio of 20.69 mg·kJ-1, under the experimental conditions of this study.

Resumen. Se llevó a cabo un experimento para evaluar el efecto de varios niveles de proteína y lípidos dietéticos en el rendimiento de juveniles de robalo blanco (Centropomus viridis). Se realizó un diseño factorial 4 × 2 con 4 niveles de proteína (40%, 46%, 52% y 58%) y 2 niveles de lípidos (10% y 13%), con 3 replicados por tratamiento. Los peces con un peso inicial de 14.80 ± 0.80 g se alimentaron a saciedad aparente 3 veces al día durante 6 semanas. El crecimiento de los juveniles no presentó diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. La eficiencia alimenticia solo fue afectada por el nivel de proteína en la dieta, y la mejor tasa de eficiencia alimenticia se obtuvo con las dietas con 52% de proteína; el índice de eficiencia proteica fue significativamente menor con las dietas con 58% de proteína. El índice hepatosomático disminuyó al aumentar el contenido de proteína, y el índice de grasa peritoneal aumentó con el nivel de lípidos en la dieta. El factor de condición no fue afectado por el nivel de proteína o lípidos dietéticos. El hematocrito y la proteína total del plasma fueron significativamente mayores con las dietas con 40% de proteína; la glucosa y los triglicéridos en la sangre fueron afectados por ambos nutrientes. Se concluye que los juveniles de C. viridis pueden ser alimentados con dietas que contengan 40% de proteína y 10% de lípidos y una relación proteína/energía de 20.69 mg·kJ-1, bajo las condiciones experimentales de este estudio.

Resumen Introducción: El pez payaso (Amphiprion ocellaris) es la especie de pez más popular en el comercio de acuarios marinos; sin embargo, falta información sobre su fisiología digestiva durante la ontogenia larval, información valiosa necesaria para protocolos de diseño y manejo dietético. Objetivo: Caracterizar las enzimas digestivas tempranas de larvas de A. ocellaris. Métodos: Usamos tres homogenados (con 10 larvas cada uno) y extrajimos 10 muestras por tanque, justo antes de la eclosión hasta el día 38. Analizamos la actividad específica de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas, tripsina, quimotripsina, leucina aminopeptidasa y lipasa; e hicimos zimogramas de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas. Resultados: Detectamos todas las enzimas medidas en la eclosión. La actividad de proteasas ácidas incrementó hasta el día 38. Proteasas alcalinas, tripsina, quimotripsina, y leucina aminopeptidasa tuvieron el mismo patrón, con actividad máxima en el octavo día, decreciendo en el día 38. Hubo picos en la actividad lipasa a los ocho y 30 días. El zimograma ácido tuvo una banda única, apareciendo al octavo día. Se hallaron ocho proteasas alcalinas (154.2, 128.1, 104.0, 59.8, 53.5, 41.9, 36.5 y 25.1 KDa), con siete bandas al primer día, y todas las bandas entre el tercer y octavo día, bajando a dos bandas (41.9 y 25.1 KDa) al día 38. Conclusión: A. ocellaris tiene un estómago funcional al octavo día, y, al día 38, un patrón digestivo omnívoro con tendencias carnívoras.

Abstract Introduction: The Clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) is the most popular fish species in the marine aquarium trade; however, there is a lack of information on their digestive physiology during larval ontogeny, valuable information needed for diet design and management protocols. Objective: To characterize the early digestive enzymes of A. ocellaris larvae. Methods: We used three pools (10 larvae each) and extracted 10 samples per tank, from just before hatching to the 38th day. We analyzed the specific activity of acid and alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase and lipase; and did acid and alkaline protease zymograms. Results: We detected all measured enzymes at hatching. Acid proteases increased in activity until the 38th day. Alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase had the same pattern, and maximum activity on the 8th day, decreasing at the 38th day. Lipase activity peaked on the 8th and 30th day. The acid zymogram had a single band, appearing on the 8th day. A total of eight alkaline proteases were revealed (154.2, 128.1, 104.0, 59.8, 53.5, 41.9, 36.5 and 25.1 KDa), with seven bands on the 1st day and all bands from the 3rd to 8th day, decreasing at two bands (41.9 and 25.1 KDa) in the 38th day. Conclusion: A. ocellaris has a functional stomach on the 8th day, and, on the 38th day, a digestive omnivore pattern with a tendency to carnivory.

Resumo A implementação da saúde digital constitui um enorme desafio para a Saúde Coletiva, sendo urgente abrir o debate sobre os impactos mais imediatos das tecnologias digitais nas políticas de saúde. A saúde digital compreende a incorporação de novas tecnologias e potencialmente reconfigura relação entre Estado e sociedade, em um processo denominado plataformização - de gestão dos serviços de saúde por meio da interpretação de grandes volumes de dados. Este trabalho traça um panorama histórico sobre as políticas brasileiras de informação e analisa a saúde digital como um caso de plataformização do Estado Brasileiro. Para tanto, analisa a estratégia brasileira de saúde digital partir de três dimensões: a concentração de dados, os usuários-consumidores e a privatização das infraestruturas públicas. Por fim, busca tornar nítida a tendência global a favor de uma inovação que escamoteia a expectativa pela digitalização como dinamizadora da reprodução capitalista.

Abstract The implementation of digital health constitutes an enormous challenge to Public Health, making it imperative to call for an urgent debate regarding the more immediate impacts of digital technologies on health policies. Digital health involves the incorporation of new technologies and potentially reconfigures the relationship between Government and society, in a process known as platformization - of health services management through the interpretation of a huge volume of data. This work provides a historic overview of Brazilian digital health information policies and analyzes digital health as a case of platformization of the Brazilian Government. For this reason, this work analyzes the Brazilian digital health strategy from three dimensions: data concentration, users/consumers, and the privatization of public infrastructure. Lastly, this work seeks to highlight the global trend in favor of an innovation that conceals the expectation for digitalization as a driver of the reproduction of capitalism.

Abstract The implementation of digital health constitutes an enormous challenge to Public Health, making it imperative to call for an urgent debate regarding the more immediate impacts of digital technologies on health policies. Digital health involves the incorporation of new technologies and potentially reconfigures the relationship between Government and society, in a process known as platformization - of health services management through the interpretation of a huge volume of data. This work provides a historic overview of Brazilian digital health information policies and analyzes digital health as a case of platformization of the Brazilian Government. For this reason, this work analyzes the Brazilian digital health strategy from three dimensions: data concentration, users/consumers, and the privatization of public infrastructure. Lastly, this work seeks to highlight the global trend in favor of an innovation that conceals the expectation for digitalization as a driver of the reproduction of capitalism.

Resumo A implementação da saúde digital constitui um enorme desafio para a Saúde Coletiva, sendo urgente abrir o debate sobre os impactos mais imediatos das tecnologias digitais nas políticas de saúde. A saúde digital compreende a incorporação de novas tecnologias e potencialmente reconfigura relação entre Estado e sociedade, em um processo denominado plataformização - de gestão dos serviços de saúde por meio da interpretação de grandes volumes de dados. Este trabalho traça um panorama histórico sobre as políticas brasileiras de informação e analisa a saúde digital como um caso de plataformização do Estado Brasileiro. Para tanto, analisa a estratégia brasileira de saúde digital partir de três dimensões: a concentração de dados, os usuários-consumidores e a privatização das infraestruturas públicas. Por fim, busca tornar nítida a tendência global a favor de uma inovação que escamoteia a expectativa pela digitalização como dinamizadora da reprodução capitalista.

ABSTRACT The effect of diets with varying crude protein-to-precooked cornstarch (P:S) ratios on growth performance, feed efficiency, carbohydrase activity, and blood chemistry of juvenile Lutjanus guttatus was evaluated. Four isoenergetic (19.0 kJ g−1) diets containing different P:S ratios (46:18, 38:30, 34:35, and 31:40) were formulated to feed fish for ten weeks in triplicate. Each diet was tested in triplicate in groups of 35 fish per tank (average body weight 19.4 ± 0.3 g) to apparent satiation three times a day. The weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio obtained with P38S30 and P34S35 were not significantly different vs. P46S18. Survival does not present significant differences among treatments. Biological indices (condition factor, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and intraperitoneal fat rate) showed no significant differences among treatments. Body protein content decreased significantly with increasing precooked cornstarch concentration, while body lipid levels increased. Blood chemistry values were within those of healthy juveniles, except for glucose values. An increase in pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase blood chemistry values were within those of healthy juveniles, except for glucose values. An increase in pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase levels concomitant with increasing precooked cornstarch concentration showed the capacity of juvenile L. gutattus to digest high precooked cornstarch levels. Growth performance, biological indices, and hematological parameters showed that L. guttatus could digest and metabolize up to 35% of precooked cornstarch through increased plasma glucose levels and the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Without negative effect on growth performance.

RESUMO Um novo coronavírus, designado inicialmente como 2019-nCoV e pouco depois como Sars- CoV-2, surgiu em Wuhan, China, no final de 2019. Em janeiro de 2020, pelo menos 830 casos haviam sido diagnosticados em diversos países. O Sars-CoV-2 é o terceiro coronavírus a surgir na população humana nas últimas duas décadas – uma emergência que colocou as instituições globais de saúde pública em alerta máximo. Pouco mais de um ano depois, registram-se casos e óbitos na escala dos milhões no mundo, com o Brasil ocupando posição destacada tanto em número de casos quanto de óbitos. A sucessão de eventos desse período recente atualizou questões de grande importância: o esgarçamento civilizacional, a potencialização das vulnerabilidades de toda ordem e os riscos decorrentes. Neste ensaio, propõe-se uma reflexão sobre as consequências sociais da pandemia a partir de uma perspectiva socioantropológica, revisitando temas clássicos da saúde e das ciências sociais, como medo, risco e vulnerabilidade. Observou-se o recrudescimento de tendências e acirramento de tensões que fazem olhar o horizonte com preocupação, especialmente com relação à expansão de dispositivos de biopoder. Assim, o presente artigo associa-se ao esforço reflexivo em curso sobre efeitos potenciais da pandemia da Covid-19 sobre as formas de socialidade e as relações de poder no mundo atual.

ABSTRACT A new coronavirus, initially designated as 2019-nCoV and after that as SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. By January 2020, at least 830 cases had been diagnosed in several countries. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to emerge in the human population in the last two decades – an emergency that has set global public health institutions on high alert. A little more than a year later, cases and deaths are counted in millions worldwide, with Brazil holding a prominent position in the number of cases and deaths. The succession of events in this recent period brought up highly relevant issues: civilizational fraying, increased vulnerabilities, and resulting risks. In this essay, we propose some reflections on the social consequences of the pandemic from a socio-anthropological perspective, revisiting classic public health and social sciences themes such as fear, risk, and vulnerability. We observed resurging trends and escalating tensions, which leaves us with a horizon of great concern, especially regarding the expanding biopower devices. Thus, we join the ongoing reflexive effort on the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sociality and power relationship forms in today’s world.

ABSTRACT Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) is an important commercial species in Mexico with great aquaculture potential; however, digestive physiology is still unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to characterize the digestive proteases of L. peru juvenile using biochemical and electrophoretic techniques. Results showed a higher acid protease activity than the alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). The optimum temperature for acid proteases was between 30 to 40°C. Trypsin activity showed two maximum peaks of temperature (30 and 50°C), while alkaline proteases, chymotrypsin, and LAP had optimum temperatures of 50, 50 to 60, and 40°C, respectively. Moreover, the optimum pH of acid proteases was between 2 and 3. Also, alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin showed pH optimums at pH 6, 9, and 5, respectively, although LAP showed two optimum pH values at 6 and 9. Acid protease zymogram showed three isoforms, totally inhibited by pepstatin A. Alkaline protease zymogram revealed six bands (125.4, 67.2, 57.9, 48.6, 29.8, and 26.9 kDa), which were inhibited by specific serine-proteases and metalloproteases inhibitors. In conclusion, the main digestion in L. peru depends on stomach proteases, which are characteristic of carnivorous fish, followed by intestinal digestion supported mainly by chymotrypsin.

RESUMO Um novo coronavírus, designado inicialmente como 2019-nCoV e pouco depois como Sars- CoV-2, surgiu em Wuhan, China, no final de 2019. Em janeiro de 2020, pelo menos 830 casos haviam sido diagnosticados em diversos países. O Sars-CoV-2 é o terceiro coronavírus a surgir na população humana nas últimas duas décadas – uma emergência que colocou as instituições globais de saúde pública em alerta máximo. Pouco mais de um ano depois, registram-se casos e óbitos na escala dos milhões no mundo, com o Brasil ocupando posição destacada tanto em número de casos quanto de óbitos. A sucessão de eventos desse período recente atualizou questões de grande importância: o esgarçamento civilizacional, a potencialização das vulnerabilidades de toda ordem e os riscos decorrentes. Neste ensaio, propõe-se uma reflexão sobre as consequências sociais da pandemia a partir de uma perspectiva socioantropológica, revisitando temas clássicos da saúde e das ciências sociais, como medo, risco e vulnerabilidade. Observou-se o recrudescimento de tendências e acirramento de tensões que fazem olhar o horizonte com preocupação, especialmente com relação à expansão de dispositivos de biopoder. Assim, o presente artigo associa-se ao esforço reflexivo em curso sobre efeitos potenciais da pandemia da Covid-19 sobre as formas de socialidade e as relações de poder no mundo atual.

ABSTRACT A new coronavirus, initially designated as 2019-nCoV and after that as SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. By January 2020, at least 830 cases had been diagnosed in several countries. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to emerge in the human population in the last two decades – an emergency that has set global public health institutions on high alert. A little more than a year later, cases and deaths are counted in millions worldwide, with Brazil holding a prominent position in the number of cases and deaths. The succession of events in this recent period brought up highly relevant issues: civilizational fraying, increased vulnerabilities, and resulting risks. In this essay, we propose some reflections on the social consequences of the pandemic from a socio-anthropological perspective, revisiting classic public health and social sciences themes such as fear, risk, and vulnerability. We observed resurging trends and escalating tensions, which leaves us with a horizon of great concern, especially regarding the expanding biopower devices. Thus, we join the ongoing reflexive effort on the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sociality and power relationship forms in today’s world.

ABSTRACT. The Pacific white snook, Centropomus viridis, is considered a species with high farming potential in Mexico due to its high economic value and overall demand in the national market. Growth in farmed fish is largely determined by the dietary regimen, which includes feeding frequency, rate, time, and cycle. The aim of the present study was to determine the feeding frequency and appropriate feeding time for farmed C. viridis juveniles in order to optimize growth and survival. Juveniles weighing 0.36 ± 0.01 g were used to evaluate 1 and up to 5 ad-libitum feeding frequencies per day, with 3 to 24-h intervals, for 6 weeks. Gained weight (GW), growth rate (GR), specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), feeding efficiency rate (FER), coefficient of variation (CV), hepatosomatic index (HI), peritoneal fat index (PFI), and survival (S) were determined for juveniles. Regardless of the feeding hours, no significant differences were found in the GR and SGR values between juveniles fed 3 times a day and those fed 5 times a day. FCR was significantly higher and FER significantly lower in treatments with juveniles fed only once a day compared with the rest of the treatments. No significant differences were found in CV, HI, and S between treatments. PFI was significantly different only between juveniles fed once and 5 times a day. Considering the results obtained in this study, we suggest feeding C. viridis juveniles 3 times a day at 6-h intervals between doses. These results will contribute to the development of biotechnology for farming this species.

RESUMEN. El robalo blanco del pacífico, Centropomus viridis, se considera como una especie con alto potencial para su cultivo en México por su alto valor económico y gran demanda en el mercado nacional. El crecimiento de los peces en cultivo depende, en gran medida, del régimen alimenticio, el cual incluye, frecuencia, tasa, tiempo y ritmo de alimentación. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia y la hora apropiada de alimentación de juveniles de C. viridis en cultivo para optimizar el crecimiento y la supervivencia. Se utilizaron juveniles de 0.36 ± 0.01 g para evaluar de 1 a 5 frecuencias de alimentación ad libitum por día, con intervalos de 3 a 24 h, durante 6 semanas. Se determinó el peso ganado (PG), la tasa de crecimiento (TC), la tasa específica de crecimiento (TEC), la tasa de conversión alimenticia (TCA), la tasa de eficiencia alimenticia (TEA), el coeficiente de variación (CV), el índice hepatosomático (IH), el índice de grasa peritoneal (IGP) y la supervivencia (S) de los juveniles. La TC y la TEC de los juveniles alimentados 3 veces al día, independientemente de las horas de alimentación, no presentaron diferencias significativas con respecto a los resultados obtenidos para los juveniles alimentados 5 veces al día. La TCA fue significativamente mayor y la TEA significativamente menor en los tratamientos con juveniles alimentados una sola vez al día en comparación con el resto de los tratamientos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en CV, IH y S entre los tratamientos. El IGP solo presentó diferencias significativas entre los juveniles alimentados 1 y 5 veces al día. Con base en los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio, se sugiere que los juveniles de C. viridis se alimenten 3 veces al día, con un intervalo de 6 h entre cada toma. Estos resultados ayudarán en el desarrollo de la biotecnología de cultivo de esta especie.

Resumo As infecções por nematódeos gastrintestinais (ING) constituem a maior limitação à produção de pequenos ruminantes. Na busca do controle desses parasitos, estudos com plantas medicinais têm sido uma importante alternativa. Visto isto, o estudo desenvolvido teve como objetivo avaliar a ação ovicida e larvicida in vitro do óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis. O óleo foi extraído, analisado por cromatografia gasosa e testado sobre ovos e larvas de ING em seis concentrações, 227,5mg/mL; 113,7mg/mL; 56,8mg/mL; 28,4mg/mL; 14,2mg/mL; 7,1mg/mL. Para determinar a ação ovicida, ovos de ING foram recuperados de fezes de ovinos e incubados por 48h com as diferentes concentrações do óleo. Na avaliação da migração das larvas, as larvas de terceiro estágio (L3) foram obtidas por coprocultura, e associadas ao óleo essencial por 24h nas mesmas concentrações, permanecendo por mais 24h em microtamises, seguindo-se a contagem de larvas que migraram e que não migraram. Os testes in vitro com o óleo de R. officinalis mostraram o nível de significância (p<0.05) 97,4% a 100% na inibição da eclodibilidade e 20% a 74% na inibição da migração das larvas. Na análise por cromatografia gasosa o constituinte majoritário foi o eucaliptol. Os resultados apresentados mostram que o óleo essencial de R. officinalis possui ação ovicida e larvicida sobre ING de ovinos.

Abstract Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection (GIN) are the main constraint to the production of small ruminants. Studies of medicinal plants have been an important alternative in the effort to control these parasites. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. The oil was extracted, analyzed by gas chromatography and tested on GIN eggs and larvae in six concentrations, 227.5mg/mL, 113.7mg/mL, 56.8mg/mL, 28.4mg/mL, 14.2mg/mL and 7.1mg/mL. To determine the ovicidal activity, GIN eggs were recovered from sheep feces and incubated for 48h with different concentrations of the oil. For the evaluation of larval migration, third-stage larvae (L3) were obtained by fecal culture, and associated with the essential oil for 24h at the same concentrations, after which they were left for another 24 hours on microsieves, followed by the count of migrating and non-migrating larvae. The assays of R. officinalis oil showed a significant (p<0.05) 97.4% to 100% inhibition of egg hatching and a significant (p<0.05) 20% to 74% inhibition of larval migration. The main constituent revealed by gas chromatography was Eucalyptol. The results indicate that R. officinalis essential oil has ovicidal and larvicidal activity on sheep GINs.

Abstract: Osteological development of the vertebral column, caudal complex and median fins in larvae of the bullseye puffer fish, Sphoeroides annulatus, were studied using specimens cleared and double stained for bone and cartilage. The first cartilaginous structures appeared 10 days (4.2 mm NL) after hatching and by day 28 (14.9 mm TL) most of the bone elements had already formed. Sphoeroides annulatus exhibited fusion of bone elements, the same as other Tetradontiformes, one of the most evolved teleosts.

RESUMO Desde a institucionalização da saúde coletiva, dos movimentos pela redemocratização e pela Reforma Sanitária até os dias atuais, transformações importantes ocorreram na sociedade brasileira e no mundo. Nas últimas décadas, as ciências sociais vêm buscando acompanhar essas transformações e desenvolver a reflexão sobre seus impactos. No campo da saúde coletiva brasileira, as chamadas ‘ciências sociais e humanas em saúde’ refletem essa dinâmica, introduzindo novos objetos de estudo e abordagens, assimilando também inovações oriundas da teoria social. O presente ensaio propõe uma releitura da trajetória das ‘ciências sociais em saúde’ no Brasil e as mudanças verificadas em sua produção desde os estudos pioneiros do campo até os dias atuais, no bojo do processo da institucionalização da saúde coletiva como área de conhecimento especializada. Busca-se identificar desafios e perspectivas para o desenvolvimento da subárea considerando as transformações que afetam a problemática sanitária nas sociedades contemporâneas. Reconhecendo a contribuição das ciências sociais em saúde para a compreensão dos processos saúde-doença e das políticas de saúde, argumenta-se que as transformações sociais recentes requerem um investimento intelectual renovado, capaz de contemplar as novas dinâmicas sócio-políticas e a produção social dos riscos, bem como trazer aportes mais adequados à formulação de respostas governamentais no setor saúde.

ABSTRACT From the institutionalization of collective health and the movements for redemocratization and Sanitary Reform to the present day, important changes have occurred in Brazilian society and in the world. In the last decades, the social sciences have been seeking to track these transformations and reflect on their impacts. In the Brazilian Collective Health field, the so-called ‘social and human health sciences’ reflect this dynamic, introducing new objects of study and approaches, as well as assimilating innovations from social theory. This essay proposes a rereading of the trajectory of the ‘social sciences in health’ in Brazil and the changes in its production since the pioneer studies of the field to the present day, along the process of the institutionalization process of collective health as a knowledge area, seeking to identify challenges and perspectives for the development of the area, considering the transformations that affect health in contemporary societies. Acknowledging the contribution of the social sciences in health to the understanding of health-disease processes and health policies, we argue that recent social transformations require a renewed intellectual investment to address the new socio-political dynamics and social production of risks, as well as bringing more appropriate inputs to governmental responses in health sector.

Abstract. The teleost fishes are the most diverse group of vertebrates and present a great variety in their reproduction form. Gonocorism is the most common form of reproduction among fish. However, a significant number of fish present hermaphroditism, that is, the same individual presents both sexes, simultaneously or sequentially. The point in time at which the sex change occurs is not necessarily instantaneous and can be interpreted at many different levels (by social, morphological and age behavior). The mechanisms of sexual determination and sexual differentiation are involved in this sex change and may be affected by the genetic inheritance or by the environmental changes in which an individual finds itself. The activity aromatase, estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone are involved in the regulation of the reproductive process of hermaphroditic females and males. The pre-optic area (POA) and the hypothalamus are the two regions of the brain responsible for the control of the reproductive physiology and reproductive behavior of fish. Within the endocrine status of sequential hermaphroditic fish, great similarities with the endocrinology of gonochoric species are observed. Taming hermaphroditic species for reproductive purposes can bring great complications; the most common is to keep the desired sex ratio constant, therefore, the control of sex is a priority. To achieve this, it is necessary to know the reproductive physiology of the selected species and implement some strategy to manipulate this sex change, either through social factors or hormonal therapies.

Resumen. Los peces teleósteos son el grupo más diverso de vertebrados y presentan gran variedad de formas de reproducción. El gonocorismo es la forma más común de reproducción entre los peces. Sin embargo, un número significativo de peces presenta hermafroditismo, es decir, en el mismo individuo se encuentran ambos sexos de manera simultánea o secuencial. El punto en el tiempo en el cual ocurre el cambio de sexo no es necesariamente instantáneo y puede ser interpretado en muchos niveles diferentes (por comportamiento social, morfológico y por edad). Los mecanismos de determinación y diferenciación sexual están involucrados en el cambio de sexo y pueden verse afectados por la herencia genética o por cambios ambientales en los que se encuentre el individuo. La actividad aromatasa, estradiol, 11-Ketotestosterona y testosterona están involucrados en la regulación del proceso reproductivo de hembras y machos hermafroditas. El área pre-óptica (POA) y el hipotálamo son las dos regiones del cerebro encargadas del control de la fisiología reproductiva y comportamiento reproductivo de los peces. Dentro del estatus endocrino de peces hermafroditas secuenciales, se observan grandes similitudes con la endocrinología de especies gonocóricas. El domesticar especies hermafroditas con fines reproductivos, puede traer consigo grandes complicaciones, la más común es mantener constante la proporción de sexos, por lo tanto, el control del sexo es una prioridad. Para lograrlo es necesario conocer la fisiología reproductiva de la especie seleccionada e implementar alguna estrategia para manipular ese cambio de sexo, ya sea mediante factores sociales o terapias hormonales.

RESUMO Desde a institucionalização da saúde coletiva, dos movimentos pela redemocratização e pela Reforma Sanitária até os dias atuais, transformações importantes ocorreram na sociedade brasileira e no mundo. Nas últimas décadas, as ciências sociais vêm buscando acompanhar essas transformações e desenvolver a reflexão sobre seus impactos. No campo da saúde coletiva brasileira, as chamadas ‘ciências sociais e humanas em saúde’ refletem essa dinâmica, introduzindo novos objetos de estudo e abordagens, assimilando também inovações oriundas da teoria social. O presente ensaio propõe uma releitura da trajetória das ‘ciências sociais em saúde’ no Brasil e as mudanças verificadas em sua produção desde os estudos pioneiros do campo até os dias atuais, no bojo do processo da institucionalização da saúde coletiva como área de conhecimento especializada. Busca-se identificar desafios e perspectivas para o desenvolvimento da subárea considerando as transformações que afetam a problemática sanitária nas sociedades contemporâneas. Reconhecendo a contribuição das ciências sociais em saúde para a compreensão dos processos saúde-doença e das políticas de saúde, argumenta-se que as transformações sociais recentes requerem um investimento intelectual renovado, capaz de contemplar as novas dinâmicas sócio-políticas e a produção social dos riscos, bem como trazer aportes mais adequados à formulação de respostas governamentais no setor saúde.

ABSTRACT From the institutionalization of collective health and the movements for redemocratization and Sanitary Reform to the present day, important changes have occurred in Brazilian society and in the world. In the last decades, the social sciences have been seeking to track these transformations and reflect on their impacts. In the Brazilian Collective Health field, the so-called ‘social and human health sciences’ reflect this dynamic, introducing new objects of study and approaches, as well as assimilating innovations from social theory. This essay proposes a rereading of the trajectory of the ‘social sciences in health’ in Brazil and the changes in its production since the pioneer studies of the field to the present day, along the process of the institutionalization process of collective health as a knowledge area, seeking to identify challenges and perspectives for the development of the area, considering the transformations that affect health in contemporary societies. Acknowledging the contribution of the social sciences in health to the understanding of health-disease processes and health policies, we argue that recent social transformations require a renewed intellectual investment to address the new socio-political dynamics and social production of risks, as well as bringing more appropriate inputs to governmental responses in health sector.